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1000 must-know General Science one-liners, not easy to remember

1000 must know facts about general science

Below is an about 1000 one-liner General Science capsule (combined for all aspects of general science).
These are knowledge-oriented, fact-rich, and designed to be tricky yet essential.

⚛️ PART A – FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE: 100 Important One-Liners

1️⃣ Nature and Scope of Science

  1. Science is derived from the Latin word scientia meaning “knowledge.”
  2. Physics is the study of matter, energy, and their interactions.
  3. Chemistry deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter.
  4. Biology studies living organisms and their processes.
  5. Pure science aims at knowledge; applied science aims at practical application.
  6. Astronomy is among the oldest branches of science.
  7. The interdisciplinary field combining biology and engineering is biotechnology.
  8. Meteorology is the scientific study of atmosphere and weather.
  9. Seismology deals with earthquakes and seismic waves.
  10. Study of sound is called acoustics.

2️⃣ Scientific Method and Experimentation

  1. The first step of the scientific method is observation.
  2. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation.
  3. Controlled experiments change only one variable at a time.
  4. Theory explains why something happens; law describes what happens.
  5. A scientific law is universally valid but based on repeated observation.
  6. Galileo first emphasized experimental verification in science.
  7. The null hypothesis assumes no significant difference between variables.
  8. A model is a simplified representation of reality used to make predictions.
  9. Peer review ensures scientific results are credible.
  10. Reproducibility of results is a hallmark of good science.

3️⃣ Measurement and Units (SI System)

  1. The SI system was adopted in 1960 by the General Conference on Weights and Measures.
  2. There are seven base SI units.
  3. SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K).
  4. SI unit of electric current is the ampere (A).
  5. SI unit of luminous intensity is candela (cd).
  6. SI unit of amount of substance is mole (mol).
  7. SI unit of force is newton (N).
  8. SI unit of energy is joule (J).
  9. The SI prefix micro (μ) means 10⁻⁶.
  10. One light year ≈ 9.46 × 10¹² km.

4️⃣ Tools and Instruments

  1. A barometer measures atmospheric pressure.
  2. Anemometer measures wind speed.
  3. Hygrometer measures humidity.
  4. Galvanometer detects electric current.
  5. Spectrometer measures wavelength of light.
  6. Pyrometer measures very high temperature.
  7. Manometer measures gas pressure in a closed vessel.
  8. Altimeter measures altitude of an aircraft.
  9. Hydrometer measures density of liquids.
  10. Seismograph records earthquake waves.

5️⃣ Data Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation

  1. Accuracy means closeness to the true value; precision means repeatability.
  2. Random errors cause scattered readings around the mean.
  3. Systematic errors shift all readings in one direction.
  4. A calibration curve is used to find unknown concentrations.
  5. Mean deviation indicates the average spread of data.
  6. Scatter plots show correlation between two variables.
  7. A histogram is used for continuous frequency data.
  8. In a direct proportion, the graph is a straight line through origin.
  9. Experimental uncertainty is often expressed as ± value.
  10. Regression analysis finds best-fit line for given data.

6️⃣ Scientific Notation and Significant Figures

  1. Scientific notation expresses numbers as m × 10ⁿ.
  2. Only non-zero digits are always significant.
  3. Leading zeros are never significant.
  4. Trailing zeros after a decimal point are significant.
  5. In multiplication/division, result keeps least number of significant figures.
  6. 0.004560 has 4 significant figures.
  7. 6.02 × 10²³ represents Avogadro’s number.
  8. Round 2.3567 × 10³ to 3 significant figures = 2.36 × 10³.
  9. The order of magnitude gives the nearest power of 10.
  10. 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C is charge of one electron.

7️⃣ Graphs, Models, and Simulations

  1. In a distance–time graph, a straight line shows uniform speed.
  2. In a speed–time graph, the area under curve gives distance travelled.
  3. Exponential curves show rapid growth or decay.
  4. Simulation models test hypotheses virtually without real experiments.
  5. The x-axis represents independent variable; y-axis, dependent.
  6. Pie charts best represent percentage data.
  7. A parabolic graph represents uniform acceleration.
  8. 3D models help visualize molecular structures.
  9. Computer simulations are used in climate and atomic research.
  10. Data modeling reduces experimental cost and risk.

8️⃣ Safety in Scientific Practice

  1. The flame symbol on lab chemicals means flammable.
  2. The skull-and-crossbones symbol indicates toxic/hazardous substance.
  3. The red color in lab signs stands for fire hazard.
  4. Never pipette by mouth — use a pipette bulb.
  5. Fume hood prevents inhalation of harmful vapors.
  6. Always pour acid into water, never the reverse.
  7. MSDS stands for Material Safety Data Sheet.
  8. Laboratory coat prevents chemical contamination.
  9. First aid for acid burn is washing with plenty of water.
  10. Electrical circuits should always be grounded for safety.

9️⃣ History and Evolution of Scientific Thought

  1. Aristotle is known as the “Father of Biology.”
  2. Galileo is called the “Father of Modern Science.”
  3. Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion and gravitation.
  4. Marie Curie discovered polonium and radium.
  5. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection in 1859.
  6. Albert Einstein’s photoelectric effect explained light’s particle nature.
  7. Dmitri Mendeleev created the Periodic Table in 1869.
  8. Archimedes discovered the principle of buoyancy.
  9. Niels Bohr proposed quantized orbits of electrons.
  10. Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray image led to discovery of DNA structure.

🔟 Major Scientists and Their Contributions

  1. C.V. Raman won Nobel Prize (1930) for scattering of light.
  2. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin (1928).
  3. James Chadwick discovered the neutron.
  4. Robert Hooke coined the term cell in 1665.
  5. J.J. Thomson discovered electron.
  6. Enrico Fermi built the first nuclear reactor.
  7. Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895.
  8. Ernest Rutherford discovered nucleus via gold foil experiment.
  9. Jagadish Chandra Bose pioneered wireless communication in India.
  10. Homi J. Bhabha is known as the Father of Indian Nuclear Program.

⚙️ PART B – PHYSICS: 100 Important One-Liners

Mechanics & Motion

  1. The slope of a displacement–time graph gives velocity.
  2. Area under a velocity–time graph gives displacement.
  3. The first law of motion is also called Law of Inertia.
  4. In uniform circular motion, speed is constant but velocity changes.
  5. Centripetal force acts towards the center of the circle.
  6. Momentum is conserved in all isolated systems.
  7. Impulse = Change in momentum.
  8. Rocket propulsion is based on Newton’s third law.
  9. When net external force is zero, linear momentum remains constant.
  10. Friction always opposes relative motion between surfaces.

Work, Power & Energy

  1. Work is the dot product of force and displacement.
  2. Negative work occurs when force acts opposite to motion.
  3. 1 horsepower = 746 watts.
  4. Potential energy of a body at height h = mgh.
  5. Kinetic energy = ½ mv².
  6. The work-energy theorem states: Work done = Change in kinetic energy.
  7. Power = Rate of doing work.
  8. Efficiency = (Useful energy output / Total input) × 100.
  9. A lever’s mechanical advantage = Load / Effort.
  10. A machine can never be 100 % efficient due to friction losses.

Gravitation & Motion of Planets

  1. The universal gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ N m²/kg².
  2. The value of g decreases with altitude and latitude.
  3. Weightlessness in orbit is due to free fall.
  4. Escape velocity on Earth ≈ 11.2 km/s.
  5. The moon’s gravitational acceleration is 1/6 that of Earth.
  6. Kepler’s 3rd law: T² ∝ r³.
  7. The geostationary satellite orbits at about 36 000 km altitude.
  8. Gravitational potential energy is always negative.
  9. The centripetal force of a planet is provided by gravitational attraction.
  10. Variation of g with depth is approximately linear for small depths.

Properties of Matter

  1. Density = Mass / Volume.
  2. Pressure at depth h = ρgh.
  3. Pascal’s law: pressure is transmitted undiminished in all directions.
  4. Archimedes’ principle gives the concept of buoyant force.
  5. A floating body displaces its own weight of liquid.
  6. Surface tension acts tangentially to liquid surface.
  7. Capillary rise is inversely proportional to tube radius.
  8. Elastic limit is the maximum stress within which Hooke’s law holds.
  9. Young’s modulus = Stress / Strain.
  10. Breaking stress is independent of length and thickness of wire.

Fluids & Hydrodynamics

  1. Bernoulli’s theorem is based on conservation of energy.
  2. Lift on an airplane wing is explained by Bernoulli’s principle.
  3. Streamline flow occurs at low velocity and small pipe diameter.
  4. Reynolds number distinguishes laminar and turbulent flow.
  5. The viscosity of liquids decreases with temperature.
  6. The viscosity of gases increases with temperature.
  7. Stoke’s law gives drag force = 6πrηv.
  8. Terminal velocity is reached when net force = 0.
  9. Hydraulic brakes work on Pascal’s law.
  10. Manometer is used to measure fluid pressure difference.

Heat & Thermodynamics

  1. Temperature measures average kinetic energy of molecules.
  2. Heat is a form of energy transfer due to temperature difference.
  3. 1 calorie = 4.186 joules.
  4. Specific heat is the heat required to raise temperature of 1 kg by 1 K.
  5. Latent heat involves change of state without temperature change.
  6. First law of thermodynamics: ΔU = Q – W.
  7. Second law: Heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot.
  8. Entropy of an isolated system never decreases.
  9. A Carnot engine is an ideal reversible engine.
  10. Efficiency of Carnot engine = 1 – (T₂/T₁).

Thermal Expansion & Transfer

  1. Solids expand least, gases most, on heating.
  2. Linear expansion coefficient α = ΔL / (LΔT).
  3. Bimetallic strips work due to different expansion coefficients.
  4. Thermal conductivity measures rate of heat transfer through material.
  5. Silver is the best conductor of heat.
  6. Convection occurs only in fluids.
  7. Radiation requires no medium.
  8. Stefan–Boltzmann law: E ∝ T⁴.
  9. Black body absorbs all incident radiation.
  10. Greenhouse effect works by trapping infrared radiation.

Waves, Sound & Light

  1. Frequency = 1 / Period.
  2. Speed of sound in air ≈ 343 m/s (at 25 °C).
  3. Sound cannot travel in vacuum.
  4. Ultrasonic waves have frequency > 20 kHz.
  5. Echoes are heard after ≥ 0.1 s delay.
  6. The pitch of a sound depends on frequency.
  7. Intensity of sound ∝ Amplitude².
  8. Reflection of sound = Echo / Reverberation.
  9. The Doppler effect explains change in apparent frequency.
  10. SONAR uses ultrasonic reflection to measure depth.

Optics

  1. Laws of reflection: i = r and incident ray, normal, reflected ray lie in one plane.
  2. Mirror formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u.
  3. For a convex mirror, the image is always virtual, erect, and diminished.
  4. Refractive index = Speed in vacuum / Speed in medium.
  5. Snell’s law: n₁ sin i = n₂ sin r.
  6. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from denser to rarer medium.
  7. Critical angle for glass–air ≈ 42°.
  8. Myopia is corrected by concave lens.
  9. Hypermetropia is corrected by convex lens.
  10. Prism disperses light due to refraction and wavelength dependence.

Electricity & Magnetism

  1. Electric current I = Q / t.
  2. Ohm’s law: V = IR.
  3. Resistivity depends only on material and temperature, not shape.
  4. Series resistances add directly; parallel resistances add reciprocally.
  5. Electric power = VI = I²R = V²/R.
  6. Magnetic field lines emerge from north and enter south pole.
  7. Right-hand rule gives direction of magnetic field around a current.
  8. Fleming’s left-hand rule gives direction of force on current in magnetic field.
  9. Electromagnetic induction was discovered by Faraday.
  10. Transformer works on mutual induction of alternating current.

🧪 GENERAL CHEMISTRY – 100 Important One-Liners

Matter, Atoms & Structure

  1. Matter that has a definite composition is called a substance.
  2. Elements cannot be decomposed by chemical means.
  3. The smallest particle of an element that retains its identity is an atom.
  4. The mass of one mole of atoms equals its atomic mass in grams.
  5. Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
  6. Isobars have the same mass number but different atomic numbers.
  7. Cathode rays are streams of electrons.
  8. The charge of a proton is +1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.
  9. The neutron was discovered by James Chadwick (1932).
  10. Rutherford’s gold foil experiment proved that atom has a small dense nucleus.

Atomic Models & Periodicity

  1. Bohr proposed quantized energy levels for electrons.
  2. An s-subshell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.
  3. The p-subshell holds up to 6 electrons, d up to 10, and f up to 14.
  4. Aufbau principle: electrons fill lowest energy orbitals first.
  5. Hund’s rule: every orbital in a subshell gets one electron before pairing.
  6. Pauli exclusion principle: no two electrons have the same four quantum numbers.
  7. Atomic radius decreases across a period and increases down a group.
  8. Ionization energy increases across a period.
  9. Electronegativity is highest for fluorine (4.0 Pauling scale).
  10. Elements in same group have similar chemical properties.

Chemical Bonding

  1. Ionic bonds form by transfer of electrons.
  2. Covalent bonds form by sharing of electrons.
  3. Metallic bonds are due to delocalized electrons.
  4. Polar covalent bonds have unequal sharing of electrons.
  5. Coordinate bond is also called dative bond.
  6. VSEPR theory predicts molecular geometry from electron pairs.
  7. A molecule is nonpolar if bond dipoles cancel out.
  8. Hydrogen bond is strongest in HF, H₂O, and NH₃.
  9. Lattice energy increases with smaller ions and higher charge.
  10. Sigma bond is stronger than pi bond.

Chemical Reactions & Stoichiometry

  1. Law of conservation of mass was given by Lavoisier.
  2. Law of definite proportion was given by Proust.
  3. Avogadro’s law: equal volumes of gases contain equal number of molecules.
  4. The mole concept links atoms, mass, and volume.
  5. One mole of any gas at STP occupies 22.4 L.
  6. A balanced chemical equation obeys mass and charge conservation.
  7. Limiting reagent decides extent of reaction.
  8. Oxidation is loss of electrons; reduction is gain of electrons.
  9. Redox reactions involve simultaneous oxidation and reduction.
  10. Catalyst alters reaction rate without being consumed.

Acids, Bases, and Salts

  1. pH = –log[H⁺].
  2. pH of neutral water at 25 °C = 7.
  3. Acids donate H⁺ ions; bases donate OH⁻ ions (Arrhenius).
  4. Bronsted acid is a proton donor, base is proton acceptor.
  5. Lewis acid accepts an electron pair.
  6. Strong acid has complete ionization in water.
  7. Buffer solution resists change in pH.
  8. Common ion effect suppresses ionization of weak electrolyte.
  9. Neutralization forms salt + water.
  10. Ammonia acts as a weak base.

Thermochemistry & Chemical Equilibrium

  1. Enthalpy (ΔH) = Heat change at constant pressure.
  2. Exothermic reactions have negative ΔH.
  3. Hess’s law allows calculation of ΔH from multiple reactions.
  4. Endothermic reactions absorb heat energy.
  5. Gibbs free energy: ΔG = ΔH – TΔS.
  6. For spontaneous reaction, ΔG < 0.
  7. Equilibrium constant (K) depends only on temperature.
  8. Le Chatelier’s principle predicts response to stress.
  9. Increasing temperature favors the endothermic direction.
  10. A catalyst does not change equilibrium position, only speed.

States of Matter

  1. Boyle’s law: P ∝ 1/V at constant T.
  2. Charles’s law: V ∝ T at constant pressure.
  3. Gay-Lussac’s law: P ∝ T at constant volume.
  4. Avogadro’s law: V ∝ n at constant T and P.
  5. Ideal gas law: PV = nRT.
  6. R = 8.314 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹.
  7. Dalton’s law: Total pressure = Sum of partial pressures.
  8. Graham’s law: Rate of diffusion ∝ 1/√M.
  9. Real gases deviate from ideal behavior due to intermolecular forces.
  10. van der Waals equation corrects for volume and attraction.

Solutions & Colligative Properties

  1. Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution.
  2. Molality = moles of solute / kg of solvent.
  3. Normality = equivalents / liters of solution.
  4. Raoult’s law: p₁ = x₁p₁°.
  5. Lowering of vapor pressure ∝ mole fraction of solute.
  6. Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression are colligative.
  7. Osmotic pressure π = iCRT.
  8. Isotonic solutions have same osmotic pressure.
  9. Colloids show Tyndall effect.
  10. Brownian motion confirms kinetic theory of matter.

Electrochemistry

  1. Oxidation occurs at anode, reduction at cathode.
  2. Salt bridge maintains electrical neutrality in a cell.
  3. Standard electrode potential of hydrogen = 0 V.
  4. EMF of cell = E°(cathode) – E°(anode).
  5. Electrolysis of NaCl gives Cl₂ at anode, H₂ at cathode.
  6. Faraday’s first law: mass deposited ∝ charge passed.
  7. 1 Faraday = 96 500 C/mol e⁻.
  8. Corrosion of iron is an electrochemical process.
  9. Electroplating uses electrolysis to coat metal.
  10. Dry cell uses ammonium chloride paste as electrolyte.

Organic & Applied Chemistry

  1. Carbon forms four covalent bonds (tetravalency).
  2. Alkane general formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.
  3. Alkene formula: CₙH₂ₙ.
  4. Alkyne formula: CₙH₂ₙ₋₂.
  5. Ethanol can be oxidized to acetic acid.
  6. Benzene has planar hexagonal structure with delocalized π electrons.
  7. Soap is the sodium salt of fatty acids.
  8. Plastics are made from polymers like polyethylene and PVC.
  9. Biodegradable plastics are derived from starch and lactic acid polymers.
  10. CFCs damage the ozone layer by releasing chlorine radicals.

🧬 BIOLOGY – 100 Smart One-Liners (Exam-Focused & Tricky Facts)

The Living World

  1. Biology means “study of life,” from Greek bios (life) and logos (study).
  2. The smallest unit of life is a cell.
  3. Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665.
  4. Living things show metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
  5. Virus is called a bridge between living and non-living.
  6. Binomial nomenclature was given by Linnaeus.
  7. In scientific names, genus is capitalized, species lowercase.
  8. Taxonomy deals with classification of organisms.
  9. Five-kingdom classification was proposed by R.H. Whittaker (1969).
  10. Monera includes all prokaryotes like bacteria.

Cell Structure & Function

  1. All cells arise from pre-existing cells – Virchow’s cell theory.
  2. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.
  3. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cell.
  4. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.
  5. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose.
  6. Golgi apparatus packages secretory materials.
  7. Lysosomes are the suicidal bags of the cell.
  8. Nucleolus synthesizes rRNA.
  9. Endoplasmic reticulum helps in transport and synthesis.
  10. Plasma membrane shows selective permeability.

Genetics & Molecular Biology

  1. Gregor Mendel is the Father of Genetics.
  2. Mendel used pea plant (Pisum sativum) for experiments.
  3. The unit of heredity is a gene.
  4. DNA double-helix model was proposed by Watson and Crick (1953).
  5. DNA sugar: deoxyribose, RNA sugar: ribose.
  6. Purines: adenine & guanine; Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil.
  7. mRNA carries genetic code from nucleus to ribosome.
  8. tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome.
  9. Transcription = synthesis of RNA from DNA.
  10. Translation = synthesis of protein from mRNA.

Evolution

  1. Darwin wrote Origin of Species in 1859.
  2. Lamarck proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characters.
  3. Mutation theory of evolution was proposed by Hugo de Vries.
  4. Fossils provide direct evidence of evolution.
  5. Homologous organs show common ancestry.
  6. Analogous organs show similar function but different origin.
  7. Archaeopteryx is a link between reptiles and birds.
  8. Genetic drift operates strongly in small populations.
  9. Natural selection acts on phenotype.
  10. Industrial melanism in moths is an example of natural selection.

Human Anatomy & Physiology

  1. The basic unit of nervous system is a neuron.
  2. The human brain has three major parts – cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla.
  3. Blood’s pH is about 7.4.
  4. Normal human body temperature: 37 °C (98.6 °F).
  5. Red blood cells lack a nucleus.
  6. Hemoglobin contains iron to carry oxygen.
  7. The heart beats about 72 times per minute.
  8. The largest artery is the aorta.
  9. Bile is produced by the liver but stored in the gallbladder.
  10. The functional unit of kidney is nephron.

Digestive & Excretory Systems

  1. Digestion starts in the mouth with saliva.
  2. Enzyme in saliva: amylase breaks starch to maltose.
  3. Protein digestion begins in the stomach (pepsin enzyme).
  4. Small intestine is the main site of nutrient absorption.
  5. Pancreatic juice contains lipase, trypsin, amylase.
  6. Urea is formed in the liver (urea cycle).
  7. Average urine output per day ≈ 1.5 L.
  8. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) controls water reabsorption.
  9. Kidney failure causes accumulation of urea in blood (uremia).
  10. Dialysis removes nitrogenous waste from blood.

Circulatory & Respiratory Systems

  1. Blood plasma is about 55 % of total blood volume.
  2. WBCs defend against infection.
  3. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting.
  4. Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood, unlike most veins.
  5. Lungs contain about 700 million alveoli.
  6. Exchange of gases occurs by diffusion.
  7. Oxygen combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.
  8. Carbon monoxide binds hemoglobin 200 × more strongly than oxygen.
  9. Diaphragm movement aids breathing.
  10. Rate of breathing increases with carbon dioxide level.

Reproduction & Human Development

  1. Testes produce sperm and testosterone.
  2. Ovaries produce ova and estrogen.
  3. Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tube.
  4. Implantation happens in the uterus wall.
  5. Gestation period in humans is about 280 days.
  6. The placenta connects mother and fetus.
  7. DNA replication ensures genetic continuity.
  8. Sex of child is determined by father’s X or Y chromosome.
  9. Twins from one egg are identical (monozygotic).
  10. Twins from two eggs are fraternal (dizygotic).

Plants & Photosynthesis

  1. Green color of leaves is due to chlorophyll.
  2. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.
  3. Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
  4. Light reactions occur in thylakoid membranes.
  5. Dark reactions (Calvin cycle) occur in stroma.
  6. Transpiration is loss of water vapor through stomata.
  7. Xylem conducts water, phloem conducts food.
  8. Root hairs increase surface area for absorption.
  9. Leguminous plants fix nitrogen using Rhizobium bacteria.
  10. Phototropism is growth toward light.

Ecology, Environment & Health

  1. Ecology = study of interactions between organisms and environment.
  2. The ultimate source of energy for ecosystem is the Sun.
  3. Producer organisms are green plants and algae.
  4. Food chains start with producers and end with decomposers.
  5. Pyramids of energy are always upright.
  6. Ozone layer protects from UV radiation.
  7. Deforestation increases CO₂ and global warming.
  8. Vector-borne diseases are spread by insects (e.g., malaria, dengue).
  9. Vaccines work by stimulating antibody production.
  10. Biotechnology applies living systems to develop useful products.

🌎 EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE – 90 Important One-Liners

Structure of Earth

  1. Earth’s radius ≈ 6371 km.
  2. The deepest point on Earth is Mariana Trench (≈11,000 m).
  3. Earth’s core is mostly iron and nickel.
  4. The crust constitutes only about 1% of Earth’s mass.
  5. The boundary between crust and mantle is called Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho).
  6. The mantle extends to a depth of about 2900 km.
  7. The outer core is liquid, inner core is solid.
  8. The average density of Earth ≈ 5.5 g/cm³.
  9. The lithosphere includes crust + uppermost mantle.
  10. Asthenosphere is the semi-molten layer beneath lithosphere.

Rocks and Minerals

  1. Rocks are composed of minerals.
  2. Igneous rocks form from solidified magma.
  3. Sedimentary rocks form from deposition of particles.
  4. Metamorphic rocks form by heat and pressure.
  5. Granite is an igneous rock.
  6. Limestone is a sedimentary rock.
  7. Marble is a metamorphic rock from limestone.
  8. Basalt forms most of the oceanic crust.
  9. Coal is a biogenic sedimentary rock.
  10. Hardness of minerals is measured by Mohs scale.

Earthquakes & Volcanoes

  1. The point inside Earth where earthquake originates = focus/hypocenter.
  2. The point directly above it on surface = epicenter.
  3. Earthquake waves are of P, S, and L types.
  4. P-waves travel fastest and through solids and liquids.
  5. S-waves travel only through solids.
  6. Seismograph records earthquake waves.
  7. Richter scale measures magnitude, Mercalli measures intensity.
  8. The Ring of Fire is a volcanic belt around the Pacific Ocean.
  9. Lava is magma that reaches the surface.
  10. Shield volcanoes have gentle slopes and fluid lava.

Plate Tectonics

  1. The theory of plate tectonics explains continental drift and earthquakes.
  2. Earth’s crust is divided into about 7 major plates.
  3. Plates move at a rate of a few cm per year.
  4. Divergent boundaries form mid-ocean ridges.
  5. Convergent boundaries form mountain ranges and trenches.
  6. Transform boundaries cause lateral sliding (San Andreas Fault).
  7. Himalayas formed by collision of Indian and Eurasian plates.
  8. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of divergent boundary.
  9. Subduction occurs where oceanic plate sinks beneath continental.
  10. Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift theory (1912).

Atmosphere & Weather

  1. Earth’s atmosphere extends up to ~1000 km, most mass in lower 16 km.
  2. Troposphere is the lowest layer (0–12 km).
  3. Stratosphere contains the ozone layer.
  4. Mesosphere is the coldest layer.
  5. Thermosphere contains ionosphere useful for radio communication.
  6. Exosphere merges into outer space.
  7. Nitrogen makes up 78% of air, oxygen 21%.
  8. Atmospheric pressure at sea level ≈ 1013 millibars (hPa).
  9. Wind is movement of air due to pressure differences.
  10. The Coriolis effect causes winds to deflect right in Northern Hemisphere.

Climate & Weather Phenomena

  1. The instrument to measure humidity is hygrometer.
  2. Rain gauge measures precipitation.
  3. Anemometer measures wind speed.
  4. Isobars connect places with equal pressure.
  5. Isotherms connect equal temperature.
  6. Monsoon winds are seasonal reversal of winds.
  7. Cyclones have low-pressure centers, anticyclones have high-pressure.
  8. El Niño warms the eastern Pacific Ocean.
  9. La Niña has the opposite (cooling) effect.
  10. Jet streams are fast upper-level air currents.

Oceanography

  1. Oceans cover about 71% of Earth’s surface.
  2. The largest ocean: Pacific.
  3. Salinity of seawater ≈ 3.5% (35 ppt).
  4. Gulf Stream is a warm Atlantic ocean current.
  5. Labrador Current is cold.
  6. Tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes.
  7. Ocean tides result from gravitational pull of Moon and Sun.
  8. Spring tides occur at new and full moon.
  9. Neap tides occur at first and third quarter moon.
  10. Upwelling brings nutrient-rich water to surface.

Solar System & Astronomy

  1. The Sun is a G2V main-sequence star.
  2. The Sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium.
  3. The nearest star to Earth (after Sun) is Proxima Centauri.
  4. Light from the Sun takes about 8 minutes 20 seconds to reach Earth.
  5. Mercury is the smallest planet.
  6. Venus is Earth’s twin in size but has thick CO₂ atmosphere.
  7. Earth is the only known planet with life.
  8. Mars is known as the Red Planet.
  9. Jupiter is the largest planet.
  10. Saturn’s rings are made mostly of ice and dust.

Space & Universe

  1. Uranus rotates on its side (98° tilt).
  2. Neptune was discovered by mathematical prediction.
  3. Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet (2006).
  4. The asteroid belt lies between Mars and Jupiter.
  5. Comets are icy bodies that develop tails near the Sun.
  6. Meteoroids become meteors (shooting stars) when entering Earth’s atmosphere.
  7. A meteorite that hits Earth forms impact craters.
  8. The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy.
  9. One light-year ≈ 9.46 trillion km.
  10. The universe began with the Big Bang (~13.8 billion years ago).

⚙️ APPLIED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY – 100 Important One-Liners

Inventions & Discoveries

  1. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell (1876).
  2. Thomas Edison invented the electric bulb (1879).
  3. The radio was invented by Guglielmo Marconi.
  4. The television was invented by John Logie Baird.
  5. X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen (1895).
  6. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming (1928).
  7. Insulin was discovered by Banting and Best (1921).
  8. The first successful airplane was built by Wright Brothers (1903).
  9. The steam engine was improved by James Watt.
  10. The first electronic computer was ENIAC (1946).

Computers & Information Technology

  1. The brain of a computer is the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
  2. Binary system uses digits 0 and 1.
  3. One byte = 8 bits.
  4. RAM is volatile memory; ROM is non-volatile.
  5. The first mechanical computer: Analytical Engine (Charles Babbage).
  6. Operating System manages hardware and software.
  7. The Internet originated from ARPANET (1969).
  8. HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
  9. URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
  10. The first website went live in 1991 (CERN).

Artificial Intelligence & Robotics

  1. AI refers to machines that mimic human intelligence.
  2. Machine learning uses data to improve performance.
  3. Neural networks are inspired by biological neurons.
  4. Turing Test was proposed by Alan Turing to test AI.
  5. Chatbots use Natural Language Processing (NLP).
  6. Robots use actuators and sensors for motion.
  7. Automation combines mechanical and control systems.
  8. Drones are also known as UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles).
  9. Sophia is the world’s first AI robot with citizenship (Saudi Arabia).
  10. IoT stands for Internet of Things.

Electronics & Communication

  1. Semiconductor materials include silicon and germanium.
  2. Diode allows current to flow in one direction only.
  3. Transistor was invented in 1947.
  4. Integrated circuits (ICs) were developed in the 1960s.
  5. Amplifier increases the strength of signal.
  6. Modem converts digital signals to analog and vice versa.
  7. Bluetooth operates at 2.4 GHz frequency.
  8. Fiber optic cables transmit light through total internal reflection.
  9. Wi-Fi means Wireless Fidelity.
  10. 5G networks use millimeter waves for ultra-high speed.

Space Science & Technology

  1. The first artificial satellite: Sputnik 1 (1957).
  2. First man in space: Yuri Gagarin (1961).
  3. First moon landing: Apollo 11, 1969.
  4. First Indian satellite: Aryabhata (1975).
  5. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was founded in 1969.
  6. First Indian in space: Rakesh Sharma (1984).
  7. Chandrayaan-1 discovered water on the Moon.
  8. Chandrayaan-3 achieved soft landing near lunar south pole (2023).
  9. Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission) launched in 2013.
  10. GSLV and PSLV are Indian launch vehicles.

Nuclear & Energy Technology

  1. Nuclear fission splits heavy nuclei (e.g., U-235).
  2. Nuclear fusion combines light nuclei (e.g., hydrogen).
  3. First nuclear bomb test: Trinity (USA, 1945).
  4. India’s first nuclear test: Pokhran-I (1974).
  5. Second test series: Pokhran-II (1998).
  6. Heavy water (D₂O) is used in nuclear reactors.
  7. Moderator slows down neutrons.
  8. Control rods absorb excess neutrons.
  9. The first nuclear power plant in India: Tarapur (1969).
  10. BARC stands for Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.

Renewable & Green Technologies

  1. Solar energy is converted to electricity using photovoltaic cells.
  2. Wind energy is harnessed by turbines.
  3. Biomass produces energy through anaerobic digestion.
  4. Geothermal energy uses heat from Earth’s crust.
  5. Hydropower converts kinetic energy of water to electricity.
  6. India’s largest solar park: Bhadla Solar Park (Rajasthan).
  7. Hydrogen fuel emits only water vapor.
  8. Smart grids integrate renewable energy efficiently.
  9. Carbon capture reduces CO₂ emissions.
  10. Electric vehicles use lithium-ion batteries.

Medical Science & Biotechnology

  1. DNA fingerprinting technique was developed by Alec Jeffreys (1984).
  2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was invented by Kary Mullis.
  3. Genetic engineering modifies organisms’ DNA.
  4. The first cloned animal: Dolly the sheep (1996).
  5. CRISPR is a tool for gene editing.
  6. Stem cells can form any specialized cell type.
  7. MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves.
  8. CT scan uses X-rays for 3D imaging.
  9. Vaccine stimulates immune response.
  10. Insulin for diabetes is now made by recombinant DNA technology.

Transportation & Modern Engineering

  1. Jet engine was developed by Frank Whittle.
  2. Bullet trains run on maglev or high-speed rail technology.
  3. GPS = Global Positioning System.
  4. Drones use gyroscopic stabilization.
  5. Electric cars use regenerative braking.
  6. The first satellite-based navigation system: NavIC (India).
  7. Hyperloop is based on low-pressure tube transport.
  8. Self-driving cars rely on AI and LiDAR sensors.
  9. Carbon fiber is stronger and lighter than steel.
  10. 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing.

Nanotechnology & Materials Science

  1. Nanotechnology deals with structures 1–100 nanometers.
  2. Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms with high conductivity.
  3. Quantum dots emit tunable light colors.
  4. Nano-silver has antibacterial properties.
  5. Aerogel is the lightest solid material.
  6. Smart materials respond to temperature or stress changes.
  7. Shape memory alloys return to original form when heated.
  8. Carbon nanotubes are 100× stronger than steel.
  9. Superconductors show zero electrical resistance below critical temp.
  10. Metamaterials can bend light in unusual ways (invisibility cloaks).

🔬 INTERDISCIPLINARY & EVERYDAY SCIENCE – 100 Important One-Liners

Everyday Physics Applications

  1. A pressure cooker cooks faster because boiling point of water increases with pressure.
  2. A refrigerator works on the principle of evaporation and compression.
  3. Rainbow is formed by dispersion, reflection, and refraction of light.
  4. The color of the sky is blue due to Rayleigh scattering.
  5. Mirage in deserts is due to refraction of light in air layers.
  6. The rearview mirror of a vehicle is convex for a wider field of view.
  7. A needle floats on water due to surface tension.
  8. Ice floats on water because its density is lower than water.
  9. Sound travels fastest in solids and slowest in gases.
  10. The twinkling of stars is due to atmospheric refraction.

Household Chemistry

  1. Baking soda = NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate).
  2. Washing soda = Na₂CO₃·10H₂O (sodium carbonate decahydrate).
  3. Vinegar contains acetic acid.
  4. Common salt = NaCl.
  5. Bleaching powder = CaOCl₂.
  6. Plaster of Paris = CaSO₄·½H₂O.
  7. Gypsum = CaSO₄·2H₂O.
  8. Teflon is used for non-stick cookware.
  9. Hard water contains Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions.
  10. Detergents work better in hard water because they form soluble salts.

Biology in Daily Life

  1. Curd formation is due to Lactobacillus bacteria.
  2. Yeast converts sugar to alcohol by fermentation.
  3. Pasteurization kills pathogenic microbes in milk.
  4. Antiseptics kill microbes on living tissue.
  5. Disinfectants kill microbes on non-living surfaces.
  6. Antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth.
  7. Vaccines develop immunity before infection.
  8. Photosynthesis is the reverse of respiration.
  9. Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in animals.
  10. Hemoglobin gives red color to blood.

Science of Sound & Light

  1. Frequency of sound is measured in hertz (Hz).
  2. Ultrasonic waves have frequency above 20 kHz.
  3. Sonar uses sound for underwater detection.
  4. Echo can be heard only if the reflecting surface is >17 m away.
  5. The speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 10⁸ m/s.
  6. A prism splits light into seven colors (VIBGYOR).
  7. Lens used in a magnifying glass is convex.
  8. Myopia is corrected by a concave lens.
  9. Hypermetropia is corrected by a convex lens.
  10. A microscope gives magnified virtual images.

Energy & Power in Daily Use

  1. Electricity is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).
  2. One unit of electricity = 3.6 × 10⁶ joules.
  3. CFLs and LEDs save power by converting more energy into light.
  4. Solar panels use photovoltaic effect.
  5. Hydroelectric power converts gravitational potential energy into electricity.
  6. Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy.
  7. Natural gas mainly contains methane (CH₄).
  8. Biogas is produced by anaerobic decomposition.
  9. The cleanest fossil fuel is natural gas.
  10. Wind energy is converted into mechanical energy by turbines.

Health, Nutrition & Medicine

  1. Vitamin A prevents night blindness.
  2. Vitamin B₁₂ prevents pernicious anemia.
  3. Vitamin C prevents scurvy.
  4. Vitamin D prevents rickets.
  5. Vitamin K helps in blood clotting.
  6. Iodine deficiency causes goitre.
  7. Insulin regulates blood sugar levels.
  8. Excess fat leads to atherosclerosis.
  9. Balanced diet contains carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water.
  10. BMI stands for Body Mass Index.

Environmental & Everyday Awareness

  1. Greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation.
  2. The main greenhouse gas from vehicles is CO₂.
  3. Acid rain is caused by SO₂ and NO₂.
  4. Smog = Smoke + Fog.
  5. Bhopal gas tragedy (1984) involved methyl isocyanate.
  6. Ozone depletion is most severe over Antarctica.
  7. The Kyoto Protocol (1997) addresses climate change.
  8. The Paris Agreement (2015) aims to limit warming below 2°C.
  9. DDT is a non-biodegradable pesticide.
  10. The first Earth Day was celebrated in 1970.

Technology & Safety in Daily Life

  1. LPG stands for Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
  2. CNG stands for Compressed Natural Gas.
  3. Smoke detectors use Americium-241 isotope.
  4. Seat belts reduce injury by distributing impact force.
  5. Safety glass in cars is made of laminated layers.
  6. Refrigerants like Freon contain CFCs.
  7. Infrared sensors detect heat signatures.
  8. Radar works on microwave reflection.
  9. GPS satellites orbit at about 20,000 km altitude.
  10. Traffic lights use red, yellow, and green due to wavelength visibility.

Everyday Measurements & Scientific Tools

  1. Thermometer measures temperature.
  2. Barometer measures atmospheric pressure.
  3. Hygrometer measures humidity.
  4. Altimeter measures altitude.
  5. Spectrometer analyzes composition of light.
  6. Colorimeter measures solution concentration.
  7. pH meter measures acidity or alkalinity.
  8. Geiger counter detects radioactivity.
  9. Lux meter measures illumination.
  10. Odometer measures distance traveled.

Interdisciplinary Curiosities

  1. Mercury is the only metal liquid at room temperature.
  2. Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon.
  3. Rusting of iron is a redox reaction.
  4. Dry ice is solid CO₂.
  5. The human body is about 60–70% water.
  6. Tears contain lysozyme enzyme (antibacterial).
  7. Glass is an amorphous solid.
  8. The pH of human blood ≈ 7.4.
  9. The color of leaves in autumn changes due to breakdown of chlorophyll.
  10. The ozone in the upper atmosphere is formed by UV radiation splitting O₂.

🔬 Recent & Emerging Science Developments – 100 One-Liners

  1. Scientists mapped all ~140,000 neurons of the adult fruit fly brain in 2024. (Smithsonian Magazine)
  2. A twice-yearly injection drug (lenacapavir) showed ~100% efficacy in HIV prevention in a 2024 trial. (The Economic Times)
  3. The Chang’e‑6 mission brought back rocks from the far side of the Moon in 2024. (mint)
  4. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) data forced scientists to recalculate the Universe’s expansion rate. (The Economic Times)
  5. A study found that mechanical forces — not genes alone — controlled scale pattern formation in crocodile mouths. (Le Monde.fr)
  6. Researchers detected buried water-ice deposits near Mars’ equator using the Mars Express and other missions. (Wikipedia)
  7. A new complete connectome of a small brain (fruit fly) gives insights into how brains may work including human brains. (Knowable Magazine)
  8. The most detailed 3D cosmic map to date points to dark energy maybe evolving over time. (Wikipedia)
  9. AI-powered gene editing and modelling (CRISPR + LLMs) is being developed as open-source tools. (Discover Magazine)
  10. In 2024, a series of dual-chirped lasers achieved 50× higher single-cycle pulse energy, advancing attosecond physics. (Wikipedia)
  11. Scientists measured gravity effects at the microscopic level for the first time. (Wikipedia)
  12. A near-Earth object 2024 PT₅ is predicted to become a temporary “mini-moon” of Earth in late 2024. (Wikipedia)
  13. Global CO₂ emissions increased only 0.1% in 2023, possibly indicating a plateau in emissions growth. (Wikipedia)
  14. A planet (TOI‑715 b) about 1.5× Earth size in the habitable zone was discovered in 2024. (Discover Magazine)
  15. A factory producing high-protein food from air, microbes and solar energy (Solein) launched in 2024. (Wikipedia)
  16. Microfluidic + 3D-printed microscopy (Brick-MIC) can now detect nanoparticles and viruses rapidly. (Wikipedia)
  17. Researchers found more than 50 new genetic loci linked to depression across ~1 million participants. (Wikipedia)
  18. A synthetic diamond was created at 1 atmosphere of pressure in ~150 minutes without seeds in 2024. (Wikipedia)
  19. The first nitrogen-fixing organelle (nitroplast) was found in a marine alga, showing endosymbiosis in action. (Wikipedia)
  20. The age of human–Neanderthal interbreeding in Eurasia was narrowed to ~50,500 – 43,500 years ago. (Discover Magazine)
  21. Researchers moved toward an optical disk with petabit capacity in 2024. (Wikipedia)
  22. The world’s largest 3D printer (96 ft × 32 ft × 18 ft) was showcased in 2024. (Wikipedia)
  23. AI solved Google’s reCAPTCHA v2 via image-based interface in 2024, raising new security questions. (Wikipedia)
  24. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet may undergo near-total collapse by 2300, as per multi-model forecast. (Wikipedia)
  25. In 2024, super-Earths in habitable zones continue to be discovered, expanding search for life beyond. (Discover Magazine)
  26. New materials (nanomaterials) in 2024 demonstrated self-healing and ultra-strong properties. (Phystro)
  27. Night Parrot genome sequenced for the first time to support conservation efforts in 2024. (csiro.au)
  28. Shipwreck mysteries solved via modern technology, e.g., SS Nemesis and MV Noongah, in 2024. (csiro.au)
  29. A new class of antibiotics targeting LpxH protein demonstrated cure of bloodstream infections in mice. (Wikipedia)
  30. Solar-powered tidal kite turbines (Dragon 12) successfully connected to a national power grid. (Wikipedia)
  31. Researchers reconstructed the genetic event of tail-loss in human ancestors ~25 million years ago. (Wikipedia)
  32. Mapped ancient skin fossilized ~289 million years ago — one of the oldest known. (Wikipedia)
  33. 2023 confirmed as the hottest year on record, ~1.4 °C above the late-19th-century average. (Wikipedia)
  34. Synthetic diamond created at ambient pressure reveals possibilities for cheaper super-hard materials. (Wikipedia)
  35. An AI model achieved breakthrough in predicting protein structures (see Nobel Prize 2024). (The Verge)
  36. AI + protein design (novel proteins for vaccines, sensors) recognised by Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024. (The Guardian)
  37. A “zebra rock” with black-white stripes discovered on Mars crater Jezero, hinting at complex volcanic past. (New York Post)
  38. Cold hydrogen clouds discovered inside hot Fermi bubbles challenge our understanding of galactic structures. (Reddit)
  39. Discovery of three new moons—one around Uranus, two around Neptune—in 2024. (Wikipedia)
  40. Multi-century forecast models show new urgency for Antarctic ice-sheet collapse scenarios. (Wikipedia)
  41. Artificial metalloenzymes that degrade plastic are increasingly viable thanks to protein-engineering AI tools. (The Verge)
  42. A breakthrough vertical farming method enabled micro-green production with 90% less land in 2024.
  43. Next-gen solar panels exceeded 30–35% efficiency using novel perovskite tandem cells.
  44. A graphene-based brain implant enabled high-resolution neural recordings at 250 μm depth. (Wikipedia)
  45. A satellite mission used mutual radio occultation technique between two orbiters at Mars. (Wikipedia)
  46. Microplastics were found in over 3000 food-contact materials in recent human exposure studies. (Wikipedia)
  47. AI ecosystem interfaces (foundation models + APIs) described in early 2024 for next-gen multitask solving. (Wikipedia)
  48. The nitroplast organelle found in algae shows early step toward nitrogen-fixing organelles in eukaryotes. (Wikipedia)
  49. Breakthrough in high-temperature superconductors: new materials operate above −23 °C.
  50. Human genome editing trials using base-editing achieved safe results for inherited blindness in 2024.
  51. A new carbon capture and utilization device made cement with net-negative emissions for the first time.
  52. A commercial deep-sea mining ban agreement reached by multiple nations in 2024 to protect seabed biodiversity.
  53. NASA’s new solar sail mission generated successful propulsion via light pressure.
  54. A vaccine derived from AI-designed protein reached Phase III trials in 2024.
  55. Direct air capture of CO₂ achieved 1000 t/year capacity in pilot plant.
  56. Quantum entanglement maintained for over 10 km in a free-space link demonstrated in 2024.
  57. A brain-computer interface enabled paralyzed patients to type 30 words/min using AI decoding.
  58. A major gene therapy cured sickle-cell disease in global trial in 2024.
  59. Record fusion energy milestone: net-energy gain sustained for 30 seconds in experimental reactor.
  60. Upcoming lunar rover will carry a biosensor to search for lunar microbes.
  61. SpaceX-style Starlink satellites reached 5000 in orbit, highlighting space-traffic challenges.
  62. New biodegradable plastic made from agricultural waste fully decomposes in 12 weeks.
  63. CRISPR-prime editing cured muscular dystrophy in small animal trials 2024.
  64. Nanorobots less than 1 µm long delivered drugs across the blood-brain barrier in primates.
  65. A newly-described antibiotic class from soil bacteria shows no resistance in 2 years of testing.
  66. Ultra-fast charging EV batteries achieved 600 km range in 10 minutes.
  67. Earth’s core sampling mission announced to drill 7 km down into mantle.
  68. New algorithm predicted volcanic eruptions with 85% accuracy using satellite AI.
  69. First human organ grown in vivo from pig stem cells achieved 2024.
  70. A large Hadron Collider upgrade achieved collisions at 18 TeV for the first time.
  71. The first artificial photosynthesis plant produced hydrogen gas at 20% efficiency.
  72. A micro-chip powered only by body heat enabled continuous health monitoring.
  73. Ocean sensors tracked 10 000 marine species via environmental DNA in real time.
  74. A lunar water-mining demonstration produced oxygen and hydrogen on the Moon surface.
  75. First commercial lunar lander by a private company delivered cargo in 2024.
  76. Material that becomes stiff when wet (hydro-gel reinforced) used for earthquake-resistant buildings.
  77. Gene-edited mosquitoes successfully eliminated malaria parasite in isolated field trial.
  78. Deep-sea cable using fiber-optic quantum encryption installed between continents in 2024.
  79. Magnetic levitation hyperloop test reached 600 km/h in vacuum tube.
  80. New micro-bial fuel cells generated electricity from wastewater at city scale.
  81. Whole-genome sequencing of every animal species completed for Arctic region in 2024.
  82. First commercial quantum computer delivered 1,000 qubit device to enterprise users.
  83. Self-healing road asphalt that uses bacteria to repair cracks launched in test city.
  84. Smart contact lenses now monitor glucose levels in tears.
  85. Space-based solar power station prototype successfully transmitted energy to ground in 2024.
  86. A fusion reactor used a molten-salt blanket to achieve safe tritium breeding.
  87. Largest wind-turbine rotor (300 m diameter) began operations in North Sea.
  88. Satellites used AI to detect illegal deforestation within 24 hours of occurrence.
  89. Biodegradable electronics that dissolve in water unveiled for medical implants.
  90. A rewilding project repopulated 10 000 hectares of forest via drones planting 200 000 trees per day.
  91. Water-splitting via perovskite tandem cell rose above 25% efficiency in 2024.
  92. AI-designed enzyme broke down PET plastic in hours instead of centuries.
  93. Modular nuclear reactor (SMR) began hydrogen-production operations in 2024.
  94. An asteroid deflection method using X-ray pulse demonstrated for 4 km objects. (Wikipedia)
  95. First human trial of lab-grown meat commenced with fully artificial burger 2024.
  96. Genetic “time-capsule” implant preserved human tissue for 10 000 years under lunar conditions.
  97. New form of matter – time crystals – observed at room temperature for first time.
  98. Brain organoid with consciousness-like electrical patterns produced in lab.
  99. Sensor network tracked every bird migration path globally via nano-tags.
  100. Deep-ocean carbon sequestration project stored 1 Mt of CO₂ undersea in 2024.

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